A Scientist at the University of Birmingham has received a £1.4 million award from Cancer Research UK to carry out pioneering research that may discover how cancer ‘steals the keys’ from the body’s locksmiths, disrupting healthy cell growth and function. Dr Mathew Coleman, of the Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences at the University of Birmingham, is set to receive £1.4m over six years from Cancer Research UK to find out more about three specific proteins that are thought to have a role in cancer. Although this research focuses on gastrointestinal cancer, their findings will likely be applicable to a variety of other tumour types. The proteins in our body come in all shapes and sizes and play a range of roles, including controlling energy production, cell growth and cell function. But if these proteins become faulty, it can affect how they work, causing them – and cells – to go out of control.

Does the time of day matter when our body is infected by a parasite? According to new research from McGill University, it matters a great deal. Our body works differently at different times of the day following our internal clocks. Researchers from McGill University and the Douglas Mental Health University Institute have now established that parasitic infections are also controlled by these clocks. The severity of a microbe’s infection will thus vary whether it is encountered during the day or at night, a discovery that scientists believe could pave the way to new treatment and prevention strategies for parasitic infections. Nicolas Cermakian, a professor at McGill’s Department of Psychiatry and researcher at the Douglas Institute, made the discovery using Leishmania, a parasite that causes leishmaniasis and that is transmitted at night by the female sandfly. Every year, Leishmania infects about 1 million people, killing thousands and leaving many others with scars. Although the parasite is mostly located in tropical areas, climate change could spread Leishmania far beyond where it is found today. The parasite has already spread to certain parts of southern Europe.

Lo studio, condotto da Istituto di neuroscienze del Cnr e Ospedale San Raffaele di Milano, ha dimostrato la capacità di un nuovo vettore virale di superare la barriera emato-encefalica e diffondersi in tutto il cervello rilasciando il gene terapeutico e rallentando l’accumulo dei depositi tossici alla base della malattia. La ricerca, che apre la strada alla realizzazione di nuovi farmaci molecolari, è stata pubblicata su Molecular Therapy

Molte malattie neurodegenerative, come il Parkinson o la demenza a corpi di Lewy, colpiscono in modo diffuso le cellule cerebrali. Uno studio italiano dimostra la capacità inedita di un nuovo vettore virale di diffondersi e rilasciare un gene terapeutico in tutto il sistema nervoso centrale, un risultato fondamentale per lo sviluppo di terapie geniche contro queste patologie. Non solo: i ricercatori hanno testato la tecnica su modello sperimentale del Parkinson nel topo, riuscendo a ridurre i depositi tossici che causano la morte dei neuroni e a migliorare la salute degli animali. Il lavoro è coordinato da Vania Broccoli, ricercatore presso l’Istituto di neuroscienze del Consiglio nazionale delle ricerche (In-Cnr) di Milano e capo dell’unità di ricerca in Cellule Staminali e Neurogenesi dell’Irccs Ospedale San Raffaele – una delle 18 strutture d’eccellenza del Gruppo San Donato. Lo studio è stato pubblicato su Molecular Therapy del gruppo Cell.

Descritto per la prima volta il sistema che controlla la funzionalità delle proteine alterate in alcune patologie genetiche come fibrosi cistica o morbo di Gaucher. Lo studio, condotto su piante di Arabidopsis thaliana, è stato realizzato in collaborazione con gli Istituti di scienze delle produzioni alimentari e di cristallografia del Cnr ed è pubblicato su Pnas. La regolazione di questi enzimi potrebbe aprire la strada a nuove terapie

Per alcune malattie genetiche come fibrosi cistica o morbo di Gaucher, la speranza potrebbe arrivare dalla regolazione dell’enzima che controlla alcune proteine alterate in queste malattie. A sostenerlo uno studio a cui hanno partecipato l’Istituto di scienze delle produzioni alimentari (Ispa) unità di Lecce e l’Istituto di cristallografia sede di Bari (Ic) del Consiglio nazionale delle ricerche. Il lavoro, pubblicato sulla rivista Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (Pnas), è stato coordinato da Nicole Zitzmann e Pietro Roversi del Dipartimento di biochimica dell’Università di Oxford. “Circa il 20% delle proteine presenti nelle cellule eucariotiche (caratteristiche degli organismi multicellulari) sono glicoproteine, essenziali per molti processi vitali come la risposta immunitaria, la comunicazione cellulare e il metabolismo”, spiega Angelo Santino, ricercatore Ispa-Cnr. “La funzionalità delle glicoproteine dipende da un sofisticato sistema biologico di ‘controllo qualità’ che sovrintende al corretto ripiegamento e alla corretta destinazione finale delle proteine stesse nella cellula. Con questo studio abbiamo descritto per la prima volta la struttura completa di uno dei principali componenti di questo sistema di controllo, l’enzima Udp-glucosio glucosil transferasi (Uggt). Conoscendo la struttura dell’enzima sarà possibile individuare in futuro nuove molecole in grado di modularne l’attività”.

Prehistoric human skeleton in the Chan Hol Cave near Tulúm on the Yucatán peninsula prior to looting by unknown cave divers. Picture: Tom Poole, Liquid Jungle Lab 

Heidelberg researchers date prehistoric skeleton found in a cave in Yucatán

A prehistoric human skeleton found on the Yucatán Peninsula is at least 13,000 years old and most likely dates from a glacial period at the end of the most recent ice age, the late Pleistocene. A German-Mexican team of researchers led by Prof. Dr Wolfgang Stinnesbeck and Arturo González González has now dated the fossil skeleton based on a stalagmite that grew on the hip bone. “The bones from the Chan Hol Cave near the city of Tulúm discovered five years ago represent one of the oldest finds of human bones on the American continent and are evidence of an unexpectedly early settlement in Southern Mexico,” says Prof. Stinnesbeck, who is an earth scientist at Heidelberg University. The research findings have now been published in PLOS ONE.

* By studying the effect of 1000 medicines, researchers discovered that medicine against asthma and blood pressure is linked to the risk of getting Parkinson´s disease.

* While the use of asthma medicine halves the risk of getting Parkinson's, one type of medicine against high blood pressure doubles the risk.

* The researchers examined more than 100 million prescriptions ordered over the last 11 years in Norway.

* These discoveries could be the start of a radically new treatment of Parkinson's patients.

Parkinson´s disease is a chronic disease with unknown causes. The disease destroys the brain cells that control body movements. Shivering, stiff arms and legs and poor coordination are typical symptoms of Parkinson's. The symptoms may develop slowly, and it sometimes takes time to make a correct diagnosis. Researchers at the Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care (IGS) at the University of Bergen (UiB) have completed a large study that included data from the Norwegian Prescription Database, in cooperation with researchers at Harvard University.

Climate warming reduces the number of plant species in the tundra, but plant-eating animals, such as reindeer and voles, can turn this negative effect into something positive. The results of a study coordinated from Umeå University in Sweden are now published in Nature Communications. “By eating tall and wide-leaved plants, reindeer can increase light availability and thus allow more plant species to co-exist and benefit from warmer conditions,” says Elina Kaarlejärvi, post-doctoral researcher at Umeå University, who led the study. Earlier studies suggest that tundra plant diversity will decrease in response to a warmer climate. However, it is important to know whether the response depends on the abundance of grazing animals, particularly reindeer, voles and lemmings, which are very common in tundra ecosystems. Researchers at Umeå University in Sweden, and Oulu University in Finland, tested this through experimental warming of vegetation on tundra meadows with and without reindeer and voles.

Children are susceptible to online crime and abuse. The key to protecting these inexperienced internet users is to build more robust, easy-to-manage security and privacy features into browsers. EU-funded researchers are on the case. The ENCASE project is leveraging the latest advances in online security and privacy to design and implement a browser-based architecture for protecting youngsters from predators frequenting social networks, as well as other internet menaces. Key to the new developments being explored by the Cyprus-led team is ease-of-use, so guardians, whether at home or school, can easily activate and manage browser settings. To do this, they plan to develop a user-centric architecture (design, test and organise websites guided by user needs) focusing on distinct services, which can be combined to form what the team calls “an effective protective net” against, for example, cyber-bullying and lurid or abusive acts.

In a bid to foster a more sustainable and competitive olive-oil sector, the EU-funded BeFOre project is developing a molecular database of the most resilient olive varieties that have the highest agronomical potential. Over 1 200 varieties of olive are currently cultivated globally. For those interested in the molecular and agronomical aspects of the olive, this which makes it difficult to find agreed data As agricultural production faces new demands, variants of olive with a high resilience to climate change or relevance for functional foods are of particular interest to the olive-growing sector.